This is the third blog post in this series about LXD 2.0.
As there are a lot of commands involved with managing LXD containers, this post is rather long. If you’d instead prefer a quick step-by-step tour of those same commands, you can try our online demo instead!
Creating and starting a new container
As I mentioned in the previous posts, the LXD command line client comes pre-configured with a few image sources. Ubuntu is the best covered with official images for all its releases and architectures but there also are a number of unofficial images for other distributions. Those are community generated and maintained by LXC upstream contributors.
Ubuntu
If all you want is the best supported release of Ubuntu, all you have to do is:
lxc launch ubuntu:
Note however that the meaning of this will change as new Ubuntu LTS releases are released. So for scripting use, you should stick to mentioning the actual release you want (see below).
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
To get the latest, tested, stable image of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, you can simply run:
lxc launch ubuntu:14.04
In this mode, a random container name will be picked.
If you prefer to specify your own name, you may instead do:
lxc launch ubuntu:14.04 c1
Should you want a specific (non-primary) architecture, say a 32bit Intel image, you can do:
lxc launch ubuntu:14.04/i386 c2
Current Ubuntu development release
The “ubuntu:” remote used above only provides official, tested images for Ubuntu. If you instead want untested daily builds, as is appropriate for the development release, you’ll want to use the “ubuntu-daily:” remote instead.
lxc launch ubuntu-daily:devel c3
In this example, whatever the latest Ubuntu development release is will automatically be picked.
You can also be explicit, for example by using the code name:
lxc launch ubuntu-daily:xenial c4
Latest Alpine Linux
Alpine images are available on the “images:” remote and can be launched with:
lxc launch images:alpine/3.3/amd64 c5
And many more
A full list of the Ubuntu images can be obtained with:
lxc image list ubuntu:
lxc image list ubuntu-daily:
And of all the unofficial images:
lxc image list images:
A list of all the aliases (friendly names) available on a given remote can also be obtained with (for the “ubuntu:” remote):
lxc image alias list ubuntu:
Creating a container without starting it
If you want to just create a container or a batch of container but not also start them immediately, you can just replace “lxc launch” by “lxc init”. All the options are identical, the only different is that it will not start the container for you after creation.
lxc init ubuntu:
Information about your containers
Listing the containers
To list all your containers, you can do:
lxc list
There are a number of options you can pass to change what columns are displayed. On systems with a lot of containers, the default columns can be a bit slow (due to having to retrieve network information from the containers), you may instead want:
lxc list --fast
Which shows a different set of columns that require less processing on the server side.
You can also filter based on name or properties:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list security.privileged=true
+------+---------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| NAME | STATE | IPV4 | IPV6 | TYPE | SNAPSHOTS |
+------+---------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| suse | RUNNING | 172.17.0.105 (eth0) | 2607:f2c0:f00f:2700:216:3eff:fef2:aff4 (eth0) | PERSISTENT | 0 |
+------+---------+---------------------+-----------------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
In this example, only containers that are privileged (user namespace disabled) are listed.
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc list --fast alpine
+-------------+---------+--------------+----------------------+----------+------------+
| NAME | STATE | ARCHITECTURE | CREATED AT | PROFILES | TYPE |
+-------------+---------+--------------+----------------------+----------+------------+
| alpine | RUNNING | x86_64 | 2016/03/20 02:11 UTC | default | PERSISTENT |
+-------------+---------+--------------+----------------------+----------+------------+
| alpine-edge | RUNNING | x86_64 | 2016/03/20 02:19 UTC | default | PERSISTENT |
+-------------+---------+--------------+----------------------+----------+------------+
And in this example, only the containers which have “alpine” in their names (complex regular expressions are also supported).
Getting detailed information from a container
As the list command obviously can’t show you everything about a container in a nicely readable way, you can query information about an individual container with:
lxc info <container>
For example:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc info zerotier
Name: zerotier
Architecture: x86_64
Created: 2016/02/20 20:01 UTC
Status: Running
Type: persistent
Profiles: default
Pid: 31715
Processes: 32
Ips:
eth0: inet 172.17.0.101
eth0: inet6 2607:f2c0:f00f:2700:216:3eff:feec:65a8
eth0: inet6 fe80::216:3eff:feec:65a8
lo: inet 127.0.0.1
lo: inet6 ::1
lxcbr0: inet 10.0.3.1
lxcbr0: inet6 fe80::c0a4:ceff:fe52:4d51
zt0: inet 29.17.181.59
zt0: inet6 fd80:56c2:e21c:0:199:9379:e711:b3e1
zt0: inet6 fe80::79:e7ff:fe0d:5123
Snapshots:
zerotier/blah (taken at 2016/03/08 23:55 UTC) (stateless)
Life-cycle management commands
Those are probably the most obvious commands of any container or virtual machine manager but they still need to be covered.
Oh and all of them accept multiple container names for batch operation.
start
Starting a container is as simple as:
lxc start <container>
stop
Stopping a container can be done with:
lxc stop <container>
If the container isn’t cooperating (not responding to SIGPWR), you can force it with:
lxc stop <container> --force
restart
Restarting a container is done through:
lxc restart <container>
And if not cooperating (not responding to SIGINT), you can force it with:
lxc restart <container> --force
pause
You can also “pause” a container. In this mode, all the container tasks will be sent the equivalent of a SIGSTOP which means that they will still be visible and will still be using memory but they won’t get any CPU time from the scheduler.
This is useful if you have a CPU hungry container that takes quite a while to start but that you aren’t constantly using. You can let it start, then pause it, then start it again when needed.
lxc pause <container>
delete
Lastly, if you want a container to go away, you can delete it for good with:
lxc delete <container>
Note that you will have to pass “–force” if the container is currently running.
Container configuration
LXD exposes quite a few container settings, including resource limitation, control of container startup and a variety of device pass-through options. The full list is far too long to cover in this post but it’s available here.
As far as devices go, LXD currently supports the following device types:
- disk
This can be a physical disk or partition being mounted into the container or a bind-mounted path from the host.
- nic
A network interface. It can be a bridged virtual ethernet interrface, a point to point device, an ethernet macvlan device or an actual physical interface being passed through to the container.
- unix-block
A UNIX block device, e.g. /dev/sda
- unix-char
A UNIX character device, e.g. /dev/kvm
- none
This special type is used to hide a device which would otherwise be inherited through profiles.
Configuration profiles
The list of all available profiles can be obtained with:
lxc profile list
To see the content of a given profile, the easiest is to use:
lxc profile show <profile>
And should you want to change anything inside it, use:
lxc profile edit <profile>
You can change the list of profiles which apply to a given container with:
lxc profile apply <container> <profile1>,<profile2>,<profile3>,...
Local configuration
For things that are unique to a container and so don’t make sense to put into a profile, you can just set them directly against the container:
lxc config edit <container>
This behaves the exact same way as “profile edit” above.
Instead of opening the whole thing in a text editor, you can also modify individual keys with:
lxc config set <container> <key> <value>
Or add devices, for example:
lxc config device add my-container kvm unix-char path=/dev/kvm
Which will setup a /dev/kvm entry for the container named “my-container”.
The same can be done for a profile using “lxc profile set” and “lxc profile device add”.
Reading the configuration
You can read the container local configuration with:
lxc config show <container>
Or to get the expanded configuration (including all the profile keys):
lxc config show --expanded <container>
For example:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc config show --expanded zerotier
name: zerotier
profiles:
- default
config:
security.nesting: "true"
user.a: b
volatile.base_image: a49d26ce5808075f5175bf31f5cb90561f5023dcd408da8ac5e834096d46b2d8
volatile.eth0.hwaddr: 00:16:3e:ec:65:a8
volatile.last_state.idmap: '[{"Isuid":true,"Isgid":false,"Hostid":100000,"Nsid":0,"Maprange":65536},{"Isuid":false,"Isgid":true,"Hostid":100000,"Nsid":0,"Maprange":65536}]'
devices:
eth0:
name: eth0
nictype: macvlan
parent: eth0
type: nic
limits.ingress: 10Mbit
limits.egress: 10Mbit
root:
path: /
size: 30GB
type: disk
tun:
path: /dev/net/tun
type: unix-char
ephemeral: false
That one is very convenient to check what will actually be applied to a given container.
Live configuration update
Note that unless indicated in the documentation, all configuration keys and device entries are applied to affected containers live. This means that you can add and remove devices or alter the security profile of running containers without ever having to restart them.
Getting a shell
LXD lets you execute tasks directly into the container. The most common use of this is to get a shell in the container or to run some admin tasks.
The benefit of this compared to SSH is that you’re not dependent on the container being reachable over the network or on any software or configuration being present inside the container.
Execution environment
One thing that’s a bit unusual with the way LXD executes commands inside the container is that it’s not itself running inside the container, which means that it can’t know what shell to use, what environment variables to set or what path to use for your home directory.
Commands executed through LXD will always run as the container’s root user (uid 0, gid 0) with a minimal PATH environment variable set and a HOME environment variable set to /root.
Additional environment variables can be passed through the command line or can be set permanently against the container through the “environment.<key>” configuration options.
Executing commands
Getting a shell inside a container is typically as simple as:
lxc exec <container> bash
That’s assuming the container does actually have bash installed.
More complex commands require the use of a separator for proper argument parsing:
lxc exec <container> -- ls -lh /
To set or override environment variables, you can use the “–env” argument, for example:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc exec zerotier --env mykey=myvalue env | grep mykey
mykey=myvalue
Managing files
Because LXD has direct access to the container’s file system, it can directly read and write any file inside the container. This can be very useful to pull log files or exchange files with the container.
Pulling a file from the container
To get a file from the container, simply run:
lxc file pull <container>/<path> <dest>
For example:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc file pull zerotier/etc/hosts hosts
Or to read it to standard output:
stgraber@dakara:~$ lxc file pull zerotier/etc/hosts -
127.0.0.1 localhost
# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
Pushing a file to the container
Push simply works the other way:
lxc file push <source> <container>/<path>
Editing a file directly
Edit is a convenience function which simply pulls a given path, opens it in your default text editor and then pushes it back to the container when you close it:
lxc file edit <container>/<path>
Snapshot management
LXD lets you snapshot and restore containers. Snapshots include the entirety of the container’s state (including running state if –stateful is used), which means all container configuration, container devices and the container file system.
Creating a snapshot
You can snapshot a container with:
lxc snapshot <container>
It’ll get named snapX where X is an incrementing number.
Alternatively, you can name your snapshot with:
lxc snapshot <container> <snapshot name>
Listing snapshots
The number of snapshots a container has is listed in “lxc list”, but the actual snapshot list is only visible in “lxc info”.
lxc info <container>
Restoring a snapshot
To restore a snapshot, simply run:
lxc restore <container> <snapshot name>
Renaming a snapshot
Renaming a snapshot can be done by moving it with:
lxc move <container>/<snapshot name> <container>/<new snapshot name>
Creating a new container from a snapshot
You can create a new container which will be identical to another container’s snapshot except for the volatile information being reset (MAC address):
lxc copy <source container>/<snapshot name> <destination container>
Deleting a snapshot
And finally, to delete a snapshot, just run:
lxc delete <container>/<snapshot name>
Cloning and renaming
Getting clean distribution images is all nice and well, but sometimes you want to install a bunch of things into your container, configure it and then branch it into a bunch of other containers.
Copying a container
To copy a container and effectively clone it into a new one, just run:
lxc copy <source container> <destination container>
The destination container will be identical in every way to the source one, except it won’t have any snapshot and volatile keys (MAC address) will be reset.
Moving a container
LXD lets you copy and move containers between hosts, but that will get covered in a later post.
For now, the “move” command can be used to rename a container with:
lxc move <old name> <new name>
The only requirement is that the container be stopped, everything else will be kept exactly as it was, including the volatile information (MAC address and such).
Conclusion
This pretty long post covered most of the commands you’re likely to use in day to day operation.
Obviously a lot of those commands have extra arguments that let you be more efficient or tweak specific aspects of your LXD containers. The best way to learn about all of those is to go through the help for those you care about (–help).
Extra information
The main LXD website is at: https://linuxcontainers.org/lxd
Development happens on Github at: https://github.com/lxc/lxd
Mailing-list support happens on: https://lists.linuxcontainers.org
IRC support happens in: #lxcontainers on irc.freenode.net
And if you don’t want or can’t install LXD on your own machine, you can always try it online instead!
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